Mu mateka ya politiki mpuzamahanga, hari inkuru zisa n’izitangaje abantu, zikarenga imbibi z’ubutware n’ubukungu. Iyo ni imwe muri zo: inkuru ivuga uburyo Muammar Gaddafi, umuyobozi wa Libya wahoze ari umwe mu bakomeye muri Afurika, ashobora kuba yaratanze inkunga y’amafaranga ku mukandida w’amatora yo mu Bufaransa, Nicolas Sarkozy, mu mwaka wa 2007.

Kugeza n’ubu, iyi nkuru ikomeje kuvugwa mu bitangazamakuru, mu nkiko no mu mitima y’abantu benshi bibaza uburyo umuyobozi wo muri Afurika yakwifashisha ubutunzi bwe kugira ngo agire ijambo mu matora y’igihugu gikomeye ku isi nk’u Bufaransa.

Mu myaka irenga 40 yamaze ku butegetsi, Gaddafi yari umwe mu bayobozi bafite ijambo rikomeye muri Afurika. Yari azi neza uko amafaranga atuma umuntu ahabwa ijambo n’icyubahiro.

Libya, igihugu yayoboraga, cyari cyuzuye ubutunzi bwa peteroli. Uko isi yagendaga isaba peteroli nyinshi, niko umutungo wa Libya wiyongeraga. Ibarura rya Banki Mpuzamahanga ryigeze kwerekana ko Gaddafi yari afite umutungo ushobora kurenga miliyari 150 z’amadolari ya Amerika.

Uyu mutungo ntiwagarukiraga mu gihugu cye gusa. Yari afite imitungo mu Burayi, muri Aziya, no muri Afurika. Gaddafi yahaga inkunga imishinga y’ibihugu bitandukanye, akanashora imari mu mabanki n’ibigo bikomeye byo hanze.

Ariko kimwe mu byo yashyiragaho imbaraga, ni ukugira ijambo mu mubano wa Afurika n’Uburayi. Yifuzaga ko Afurika yagira ubwisanzure n’imbaraga ku rwego mpuzamahanga, kandi yemeraga gukoresha umutungo we ngo abigeraho.

Ku ruhande rw’u Bufaransa, politiki yabwo ishingiye cyane ku gucunga inyungu zabwo muri Afurika. Ubu bufatanye bwari bwarahereye kera, kuva ku gihe cy’ubukoloni, aho u Bufaransa bwafashaga cyangwa bugashyigikira ubutegetsi bubwumvira.

Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 2000, ubwo Nicolas Sarkozy yari akiri Minisitiri w’Intebe, yari azi ko gukorana na Libya byashoboraga gufasha u Bufaransa mu bijyanye n’ubukungu no mu bijyanye n’ubwirinzi (security).

Mu gihe cyo kwiyamamaza kwe mu 2007, byagiye bivugwa ko hari ibiganiro byihariye byabaye hagati y’abahagarariye Libya n’abari hafi ya Sarkozy. Nyuma y’imyaka mike, ibimenyetso n’ibirego byatangiye kujya ahagaragara bivuga ko Libya yatanze inkunga ya miliyoni 50 z’amayero ku ishyaka rya Sarkozy kugira ngo imufashe gutsinda amatora.

Ayo makuru yatangiye gusakara nyuma y’uko ubutegetsi bwa Gaddafi busenyutse mu 2011, ubwo yicwagwa mu ntambara yo muri Libya. Abahoze ari abayobozi be bamwe batangaje ko Gaddafi ubwe yari yarafashije Sarkozy mu matora.

Ibyo byatumye iperereza ritangira mu Bufaransa, aho ryagaragaje ko hari amafaranga yagiye mu nzira zitazwi neza hagati ya 2005 na 2007.

Nubwo Sarkozy yahakanye ibi birego, urukiko rwa Paris rwaje kumuhamya icyaha cyo kuba mu mugambi w’ibikorwa by’uburiganya (association de malfaiteurs). Yakatiwe igifungo cy’imyaka itanu, nubwo igice cyacyo azagikora atari muri gereza.

Ibi byongeye kugaragaza ukuntu amafaranga ashobora kuba intwaro ikomeye muri politiki — aho atari mu guhanga ibikorwa remezo cyangwa guteza imbere abaturage, ahubwo akoreshwa mu gufata ibyemezo n’ubutegetsi.

Ni gute Gaddafi yabonaga ayo mafaranga yose?

Libya yari igihugu gifite umutungo w’amabuye kamere, cyane cyane peteroli, yatumaga igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga menshi buri mwaka.

Gaddafi yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugenzura ayo mafaranga ku buryo bwose bwashoboraga kumwemerera kuyakoresha mu nyungu ze bwite. Yari afite konti z’ibanga mu mabanki yo hanze, n’abahuza benshi bamenyekanye nk’abacuruzi b’ibanga (private intermediaries).

Kuba yari afite ububasha busesuye ku gihugu cyose byatumaga nta muntu n’umwe ushobora kubaza aho ayo mafaranga ajya cyangwa uko akoreshwa. Ibyo byamuhaye ubushobozi bwo gufasha imishinga yo hanze — harimo n’iyo ya politiki.

Iyi nkuru irenze kuba inkuru y’abantu babiri. Ni isomo rihanitse ku buryo amafaranga, ubukungu, n’ubutegetsi bishobora guhinduka urusobe ruteza ibibazo igihe bidafite umurongo n’indangagaciro.

• Ku ruhande rwa Gaddafi, bigaragaza uburyo ubutunzi bushobora guhinduka intwaro ya politiki, aho umuntu akoresha umutungo w’igihugu mu nyungu ze.

• Ku ruhande rwa Sarkozy, bigaragaza uburyo abanyapolitiki b’ibihugu bikomeye bashobora kwishora mu bikorwa by’uburiganya kugira ngo babone ubutegetsi.

Byombi byerekana ko politiki idafite ubunyangamugayo irangira isenya abayo, haba mu gihugu gikize cyangwa mu gihugu gikennye.

Afurika ifite ubukungu bwinshi, ariko amateka agaragaza ko igihe cyose abayobozi bayo bakoresheje umutungo mu nyungu bwite, byarangiraga bibasubije inyuma.

Urubyiruko rw’Afurika rugomba kumenya ko ubutunzi atari bwo buvuga ijambo mu isi, ahubwo ni uko bwakoreshwa mu kubaka igihugu. Gaddafi yari afite umutungo utagira ingano, ariko ntiyashoboye kuwukoresha mu kubaka demokarasi, ubwisanzure n’ubutabera mu gihugu cye.