Mu makuru ya buri munsi, cyane cyane ayo mu rwego rw’ubukungu, kenshi twumva amagambo nka “ifaranga ry’amadevise ryazamutse”, “banki nkuru igurisha amadevise”, cyangwa “ubukungu bw’igihugu buri kugaragaza ikibazo cy’amadevise”. Abantu benshi babyumva ariko ntibasobanukirwe neza icyo ayo magambo avuze. Ese koko “amadevise” ni iki? Kandi kuki avuga byinshi ku bukungu bw’igihugu?
1. Amadevise ni iki mu by’ukuri?
Amadevise (devise mu Gifaransa, foreign currency mu Cyongereza) ni ifaranga ry’amahanga rikoreshwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga cyangwa mu guhererekanya amafaranga hagati y’ibihugu bitandukanye. Ugereranyije, amadevise ni nka “ubwoko bw’ifaranga ritari iry’igihugu cyawe.”
Urugero, mu Rwanda dukoresha ifaranga ry’u Rwanda (RWF), ariko iyo umuntu ashaka kugura ibicuruzwa bivuye hanze cyangwa agiye kwishyura ibintu byaguzwe mu gihugu nk’u Bushinwa, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, cyangwa Ubwongereza, ntabwo yishyura mu mafaranga y’u Rwanda — ahubwo akenera amafaranga y’amahanga nka US Dollars (USD), Euro (EUR), cyangwa Pound (GBP). Ayo ni yo twita amadevise.
2. Impamvu amadevise ari ingenzi mu bukungu
Mu rwego rw’igihugu, amadevise ni urufunguzo rufungura ubukungu bw’isi. Buri gihugu kigira amafaranga gikeneye kugira ngo kigurire ibintu bitakorerwa imbere mu gihugu.
Urugero, u Rwanda rukenera amadevise kugira ngo rugure ibikomoka kuri peteroli, imiti, imodoka, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, n’ibindi byinshi bitaboneka mu gihugu imbere. Iyo igihugu kidafite amadevise ahagije, bigira ingaruka nyinshi zirimo:
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Kudashobora gutumiza ibintu by’ingenzi hanze,
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Kuzamuka kw’ibiciro (inflation),
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Kunanirwa kugenzura agaciro k’ifaranga ryo mu gihugu imbere.
Ni yo mpamvu usanga amadevise afatwa nk’ubutunzi bw’igihugu, kandi banki nkuru (nk’iya Rwanda National Bank) ikayagenzura cyane.
3. Uko amadevise aboneka
Amadevise aboneka mu buryo butandukanye:
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Kohereza ibintu hanze (exports): Iyo igihugu cyohereje ibicuruzwa hanze, cyishyurwa mu faranga ry’amahanga.
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Abashyitsi cyangwa ba mukerarugendo: Iyo baza, bakoresha amadevise mu gihugu.
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Aboherejwe amafaranga n’ababayo mu mahanga (remittances): Abanyarwanda baba hanze bohereza amadevise mu gihugu.
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Abashoramari b’amahanga: Iyo bashoye imari yabo, nabo bazana amadevise.
Ibi byose bituma igihugu gifite uburyo bwo kubona amafaranga y’amahanga agifasha kugura ibyo gikeneye hanze.
4. Iyo bavuze “ifaranga ry’amadevise ryazamutse” bisobanuye iki?
Ibi bivuze ko agaciro k’ifaranga ry’amahanga kabaye hejuru ugereranyije n’ifaranga ryo mu gihugu.
Urugero, niba uyu munsi 1 USD ari 1,200 Frw, hanyuma mu cyumweru gitaha ikaba 1,300 Frw, bivuze ko ifaranga ry’u Rwanda ryagabanutse agaciro (depreciation), naho dollar yazamutse (appreciation).
Ibi bishobora guterwa n’impamvu zitandukanye: kubura amadevise mu gihugu, izamuka ry’ibiciro mpuzamahanga, cyangwa umubare munini w’abantu bashaka kuyagura ugereranyije n’abayazana.
5. Ingaruka ku buzima bwa buri munsi
Iyo amadevise abuze cyangwa agaciro kayo kazamutse cyane, ibiciro by’ibintu bitumizwa hanze bizamuka. Urugero, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, imiti, telefoni, cyangwa ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi byose bihita bihenze.
Uko bihenze, niko bigira ingaruka ku baturage basanzwe kuko ibyo bintu binyura mu buryo bwa “supply chain” bigera ku isoko rikuru. Ugasanga igiciro cy’itike y’imodoka cyazamutse, igiciro cya essence cyiyongereye, n’ibindi byinshi.
6. Ese igihugu gikora iki kugira ngo gikemure ikibazo cy’amadevise?
Banki nkuru y’igihugu ifite inshingano zo kugenzura uko amadevise akwirakwizwa. Iyo ibona ko abura, ishobora:
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Kugurisha amadevise ku isoko (Forex market) kugira ngo agabanuke ku giciro,
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Kugenzura abacuruza amadevise b’inyerezwa,
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Gushyiraho amategeko abuza gutumiza ibintu bidafite akamaro,
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Gushishikariza abantu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze kugira ngo igihugu cyinjize amadevise menshi.
Umwanzuro
Iyo wumvise bavuga ngo “ifaranga ry’amadevise,” ntibivuze amafaranga asanzwe, ahubwo ni amafaranga y’amahanga akoreshwa mu guhererekanya agaciro hagati y’ibihugu. Uburyo igihugu gifite, gikoreshamo kandi kigenzura ayo mafaranga, nibyo bigena uko ubukungu bwacyo buhagaze.
Mu magambo make, amadevise ni nko amaraso y’ubukungu bw’igihugu – iyo ayashize, ibintu byinshi bihagarara; iyo ayabonetse, ubukungu bukarushaho guhumeka neza.
