Kuva kera, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ijambo rikomeye ku isi — si ukubera ingufu za gisirikare gusa, ahubwo no ku bukungu, politiki n’imibanire mpuzamahanga. Uburyo bwo gutanga inkunga ku bindi bihugu bwabaye kimwe mu bikoresho bikomeye Amerika ikoresha mu gusigasira umwanya wayo nk’umuyobozi w’isi. Ariko se, byagenda bite ku isi, Amerika iramutse ifashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika inkunga zayo ku mahanga yose?

Ni ikibazo kigaragaza byinshi ku buryo isi imeze, kuko inkunga za Amerika zidafasha gusa ibihugu bikennye, ahubwo zinagira uruhare mu mikorere y’ubukungu bw’isi yose.

Inkunga za Amerika ku mahanga zatangiye gukomera nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, ubwo yatangiraga gufasha ibihugu by’ u Burayi byari byarasenyutse mu ntambara. Icyo gihe hatangijwe gahunda yiswe Marshall Plan, aho Amerika yashoye miliyari nyinshi mu kubaka u Burayi bushya. Uwo mushinga ni wo watumye ubukungu bw’u Burayi buzamuka vuba, kandi Amerika ibona icyizere mu bindi bihugu nk’umufatanyabikorwa ukomeye.

Kuva icyo gihe, Amerika yakomeje gukoresha inkunga nk’uburyo bwo gukomeza kugira ijambo ku isi. Ubu, buri mwaka, Amerika itanga inkunga irenga 60 miliyari z’amadolari igenewe ibihugu bitandukanye. Muri iyo nkunga, igice kinini kijya mu bikorwa by’ubuvuzi, uburezi, iterambere ry’ubukungu, n’uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika nka Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, na Rwanda, inkunga za Amerika zifasha cyane mu rwego rw’ubuzima — cyane cyane mu kurwanya indwara nka SIDA, malaria na tuberculosis. Gahunda nka PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) yonyine yagiye ikiza ubuzima bw’abantu barenga miliyoni 25 muri Afurika.

Ingaruka ku bihugu bikennye

Amerika iramutse ifashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika izo nkunga, ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika byahita bijya mu rungabangabo. Impamvu ni uko inkunga z’amahanga ari kimwe mu bice bikomeye by’ingengo y’imari muri byinshi muri byo.

Mu Rwanda cyangwa muri Uganda, inkunga zituruka hanze zigeze kugira uruhare rugera kuri 30% mu ngengo y’imari. Iyo amafaranga nk’ayo atakiriho, bivuze ko gahunda nyinshi za Leta — zirimo uburezi, ubuzima, n’ibikorwa remezo — zishobora guhagarara cyangwa kugabanuka cyane.

Urugero, mu rwego rw’ubuzima, ibitaro byinshi byubatswe cyangwa byavuguruwe ku nkunga za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Niba iyo nkunga ivuyeho, imiti irahenda, abarwayi benshi ntibabona serivisi, kandi ubushakashatsi mu buvuzi buhagarara.
Muri make, ibyari “ibisanzwe” ku baturage benshi byahita biba ibintu bihenze cyane cyangwa bitaboneka.

Amerika si umuterankunga gusa — ni n’isoko rinini ry’isi. Ibyo bivuze ko amafaranga asohoka muri gahunda zayo z’inkunga ajya no mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi. Iyo ayo mafaranga adakiriho, ubukungu bw’isi burahungabana.

Abahanga mu bukungu bavuga ko inkunga za Amerika zifasha mu kubungabunga uburinganire hagati y’amafaranga y’amahanga (foreign exchange). Iyo zitakiriho, amafaranga y’ibihugu bikennye agwa cyane (inflation), ibiciro bikazamuka, ubukene bukiyongera.

Mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi, Amerika ni isoko rikomeye ry’ibicuruzwa bivuye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere. Iyo igabanyije ubushobozi bwayo bwo kugura cyangwa isohora amafaranga hanze, ibyo bihugu byahita bitakaza isoko, bigateza igihombo ku mirimo n’ubukungu.

Mu buryo bwagutse, kuba Amerika yakuraho inkunga zayo byatera ubwoba ku masoko mpuzamahanga (global markets), bigatuma abashoramari bagabanya icyizere, bityo ibiciro by’imigabane bikamanuka.

Amerika yakoresheje inkunga mu myaka myinshi nk’intwaro ya diplomasi y’ubwenge. Iyo yohereza amafaranga mu kindi gihugu, iba itanga ubufasha ariko kandi inubaka umubano n’icyo gihugu. Iyo ibyo bihagaritswe, ubundi butegetsi bukomeye nk’u Bushinwa n’u Burusiya byahita bifata umwanya usigaye.

U Bushinwa bwamaze imyaka myinshi bushora imari muri Afurika, ariko bufite uburyo butandukanye n’ubw’Amerika — bwo gutanga inguzanyo aho gutanga inkunga. Iyo Amerika isohotse muri uwo murongo, U Bushinwa bwabona amahirwe yo gufata bimwe mu bihugu nk’abafatanyabikorwa b’ibanze, bigahindura uko isi yubatse ubufatanye.

Mu bijyanye n’umutekano, Amerika ifasha mu bikorwa byo kurwanya iterabwoba muri Afurika n’Aziya. Iyi nkunga yifashishwa mu gutanga ibikoresho, amahugurwa n’ubumenyi ku ngabo z’ibihugu bitandukanye. Iyo ibyo bihagaritswe, ibihugu nka Mali, Niger, Somaliya n’ibindi byugarijwe n’umutekano muke byahita bisigara bitagira ubufasha, bigatuma imitwe y’iterabwoba ikomera.

Nubwo ingaruka zaba nyinshi mu gihe cya vuba, mu gihe kirekire hari ababona ko byashobora no kugira ibyiza bimwe. Bimwe mu bihugu byakwigira uburyo bushya bwo kwigira, bigashaka amafaranga abikomokaho aho gutegereza inkunga.

Urugero, Afurika ishobora gukoresha umutungo kamere ifite (nk’amabuye y’agaciro, ubutaka, n’ingufu z’amashanyarazi) kugira ngo yiteze imbere ku bushobozi bwayo. Ibihugu byakorera hamwe, bigatera imbere mu bucuruzi bw’imbere mu mugabane, aho gukomeza gutegereza inkunga iva hanze.

Ariko ibi byose bisaba impinduka ikomeye mu miyoborere, kurwanya ruswa, no gushyira imbere inyungu rusange z’abaturage. Inkunga z’Amerika zagiye zifasha muri byinshi, ariko kandi zatumye ibihugu bimwe byirekera ku bandi aho kwiyubakira ubushobozi.

Amerika iramutse ihagaritse inkunga zayo, isi yahura n’ihungabana rikomeye mu buryo bw’ubukungu, ubuzima n’umutekano. Ariko byanaba intangiriro y’igihe gishya cyo kwigira. Isi yagombye kwibaza: ese dushobora kubaho tudategereje ubufasha bwa Amerika?

Nubwo ibyo bitashoboka vuba, ni ikimenyetso cy’uko ibihugu bikwiye gushyira imbere politiki zishingiye ku kwigira, aho ubufasha bw’amahanga buba inyongera, si ishingiro. Kuko inkunga z’Amerika zaba zihagaritswe cyangwa zikomeza, isi izakomeza kubaho — ikibazo ni ukuntu izabaho.