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Category: Ibitekerezo

  • Uko Gaddafi yashoboraga gufasha mu buryo bw’amafaranga Perezida w’Ubufaransa Nicolas Sarkozy

    Uko Gaddafi yashoboraga gufasha mu buryo bw’amafaranga Perezida w’Ubufaransa Nicolas Sarkozy

    Mu mateka ya politiki mpuzamahanga, hari inkuru zisa n’izitangaje abantu, zikarenga imbibi z’ubutware n’ubukungu. Iyo ni imwe muri zo: inkuru ivuga uburyo Muammar Gaddafi, umuyobozi wa Libya wahoze ari umwe mu bakomeye muri Afurika, ashobora kuba yaratanze inkunga y’amafaranga ku mukandida w’amatora yo mu Bufaransa, Nicolas Sarkozy, mu mwaka wa 2007.

    Kugeza n’ubu, iyi nkuru ikomeje kuvugwa mu bitangazamakuru, mu nkiko no mu mitima y’abantu benshi bibaza uburyo umuyobozi wo muri Afurika yakwifashisha ubutunzi bwe kugira ngo agire ijambo mu matora y’igihugu gikomeye ku isi nk’u Bufaransa.

    Muammar Gaddafi: Revolutionary Hero or Ruthless Strongman?

    Mu myaka irenga 40 yamaze ku butegetsi, Gaddafi yari umwe mu bayobozi bafite ijambo rikomeye muri Afurika. Yari azi neza uko amafaranga atuma umuntu ahabwa ijambo n’icyubahiro.

    Libya, igihugu yayoboraga, cyari cyuzuye ubutunzi bwa peteroli. Uko isi yagendaga isaba peteroli nyinshi, niko umutungo wa Libya wiyongeraga. Ibarura rya Banki Mpuzamahanga ryigeze kwerekana ko Gaddafi yari afite umutungo ushobora kurenga miliyari 150 z’amadolari ya Amerika.

    Uyu mutungo ntiwagarukiraga mu gihugu cye gusa. Yari afite imitungo mu Burayi, muri Aziya, no muri Afurika. Gaddafi yahaga inkunga imishinga y’ibihugu bitandukanye, akanashora imari mu mabanki n’ibigo bikomeye byo hanze.

    Ariko kimwe mu byo yashyiragaho imbaraga, ni ukugira ijambo mu mubano wa Afurika n’Uburayi. Yifuzaga ko Afurika yagira ubwisanzure n’imbaraga ku rwego mpuzamahanga, kandi yemeraga gukoresha umutungo we ngo abigeraho.

    Divided, France Welcomes and Condemns Qaddafi - The New York Times

    Ku ruhande rw’u Bufaransa, politiki yabwo ishingiye cyane ku gucunga inyungu zabwo muri Afurika. Ubu bufatanye bwari bwarahereye kera, kuva ku gihe cy’ubukoloni, aho u Bufaransa bwafashaga cyangwa bugashyigikira ubutegetsi bubwumvira.

    Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 2000, ubwo Nicolas Sarkozy yari akiri Minisitiri w’Intebe, yari azi ko gukorana na Libya byashoboraga gufasha u Bufaransa mu bijyanye n’ubukungu no mu bijyanye n’ubwirinzi (security).

    Mu gihe cyo kwiyamamaza kwe mu 2007, byagiye bivugwa ko hari ibiganiro byihariye byabaye hagati y’abahagarariye Libya n’abari hafi ya Sarkozy. Nyuma y’imyaka mike, ibimenyetso n’ibirego byatangiye kujya ahagaragara bivuga ko Libya yatanze inkunga ya miliyoni 50 z’amayero ku ishyaka rya Sarkozy kugira ngo imufashe gutsinda amatora.

    Ayo makuru yatangiye gusakara nyuma y’uko ubutegetsi bwa Gaddafi busenyutse mu 2011, ubwo yicwagwa mu ntambara yo muri Libya. Abahoze ari abayobozi be bamwe batangaje ko Gaddafi ubwe yari yarafashije Sarkozy mu matora.

    Former French president Nicolas Sarkozy charged with corruption over suspected Gaddafi financing | South China Morning Post

    Ibyo byatumye iperereza ritangira mu Bufaransa, aho ryagaragaje ko hari amafaranga yagiye mu nzira zitazwi neza hagati ya 2005 na 2007.

    Nubwo Sarkozy yahakanye ibi birego, urukiko rwa Paris rwaje kumuhamya icyaha cyo kuba mu mugambi w’ibikorwa by’uburiganya (association de malfaiteurs). Yakatiwe igifungo cy’imyaka itanu, nubwo igice cyacyo azagikora atari muri gereza.

    Ibi byongeye kugaragaza ukuntu amafaranga ashobora kuba intwaro ikomeye muri politiki — aho atari mu guhanga ibikorwa remezo cyangwa guteza imbere abaturage, ahubwo akoreshwa mu gufata ibyemezo n’ubutegetsi.

    Ni gute Gaddafi yabonaga ayo mafaranga yose?

    Libya yari igihugu gifite umutungo w’amabuye kamere, cyane cyane peteroli, yatumaga igihugu cyinjiza amafaranga menshi buri mwaka.

    Libya declares win in treaty claim over Gaddafi-era expropriation - Global Arbitration Review

    Gaddafi yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugenzura ayo mafaranga ku buryo bwose bwashoboraga kumwemerera kuyakoresha mu nyungu ze bwite. Yari afite konti z’ibanga mu mabanki yo hanze, n’abahuza benshi bamenyekanye nk’abacuruzi b’ibanga (private intermediaries).

    Kuba yari afite ububasha busesuye ku gihugu cyose byatumaga nta muntu n’umwe ushobora kubaza aho ayo mafaranga ajya cyangwa uko akoreshwa. Ibyo byamuhaye ubushobozi bwo gufasha imishinga yo hanze — harimo n’iyo ya politiki.

     

    Iyi nkuru irenze kuba inkuru y’abantu babiri. Ni isomo rihanitse ku buryo amafaranga, ubukungu, n’ubutegetsi bishobora guhinduka urusobe ruteza ibibazo igihe bidafite umurongo n’indangagaciro.

    • Ku ruhande rwa Gaddafi, bigaragaza uburyo ubutunzi bushobora guhinduka intwaro ya politiki, aho umuntu akoresha umutungo w’igihugu mu nyungu ze.

    • Ku ruhande rwa Sarkozy, bigaragaza uburyo abanyapolitiki b’ibihugu bikomeye bashobora kwishora mu bikorwa by’uburiganya kugira ngo babone ubutegetsi.

    Byombi byerekana ko politiki idafite ubunyangamugayo irangira isenya abayo, haba mu gihugu gikize cyangwa mu gihugu gikennye.

    Where will Africa be in the next 60 years? - The New Times

    Afurika ifite ubukungu bwinshi, ariko amateka agaragaza ko igihe cyose abayobozi bayo bakoresheje umutungo mu nyungu bwite, byarangiraga bibasubije inyuma.

    Urubyiruko rw’Afurika rugomba kumenya ko ubutunzi atari bwo buvuga ijambo mu isi, ahubwo ni uko bwakoreshwa mu kubaka igihugu. Gaddafi yari afite umutungo utagira ingano, ariko ntiyashoboye kuwukoresha mu kubaka demokarasi, ubwisanzure n’ubutabera mu gihugu cye.

  • Uko Afurika yigeze kuba umugabane ukize kurusha yose ku isi: Amateka yibagiranye y’ubutunzi bwa kera

    Uko Afurika yigeze kuba umugabane ukize kurusha yose ku isi: Amateka yibagiranye y’ubutunzi bwa kera

    Mu gihe isi itekereza Afurika nk’umugabane ukeneye iterambere, bake ni bo bazi ko uyu mugabane ari wo wigeze kuba umutima w’ubukire n’iterambere ku isi. Mbere y’ubukoloni, mbere y’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara, Afurika yari ifite ubukungu buhamye, imico yihariye, n’ubumenyi. Ni inkuru y’amateka, ariko nanone ni isomo rikomeye ku rubyiruko rw’Afurika rw’ubu rukeneye kumenya aho rwavuye kugira ngo rumenye aho rugana.

    The History Of The Mali Empire - About History

    Mu kinyejana cya 13 n’icya 14, Afurika y’Iburengerazuba yari ifite ubukire bw’umurengera. Ubwami bwa Mali, buyobowe na Mansa Musa, bwari bumaze kuba intangarugero ku isi yose. Uwo Mwami yagiye mu rugendo i Maka (Hajj) ajyanye umutungo utirigeze uhagaragara. Bivugwa ko mu nzira zose yaciyemo, mu Misiri n’ahandi, yahatanze zahabu nyinshi ku buryo amasoko y’ayo mahanga yahise agira ihungabana ry’ubukungu (inflation).

    Timbuktu, umujyi wari umutima wa Mali, wari ufite amasomero, za kaminuza, n’abahanga bamenyekanye mu by’imibare, siyansi n’amategeko. Muri icyo gihe, Abanyaburayi benshi bataramenya kwandika neza, mu gihe Abanyafurika bamwe bari bamaze kugira amasomero akomeye.

    Mbere y’ubwami bwa Mali, hariho Ubwami bwa Ghana, bwari bwarabaye intangarugero mu bucuruzi bwa zahabu n’umunyu. Abacuruzi bavuye mu majyaruguru y’Afurika n’Abarabu bazanaga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bakabihahirana n’Abanyafurika. Umunyu, icyo gihe, wari ifaranga rikomeye rigereranywa n’amasaha y’ubu cyangwa zahabu.

    Description of the King of the Ghana Empire – African Heritage

    Nyuma yaho, Ubwami bwa Songhai bwaje gufata intebe, bwagura imipaka kugeza ku majyaruguru n’uburengerazuba bwa Afurika. Ubwami bwa Songhai bwari bufite ubutegetsi bwagutse, inzego z’ubucamanza n’ubuyobozi bunoze, ndetse n’abanyabwenge bigishaga mu masomero yo muri Timbuktu. Ubu bwami bwari icyitegererezo cy’uko Afurika ishobora kwiyobora neza kandi igatera imbere mu bwisanzure bwayo.

    Ancient Nubia: A Brief History | Live Science

    Mu majyaruguru ya Afurika, Misiri na Nubia ni ho havukiye imwe mu mico ya mbere y’iterambere ku isi (civilization). Abanyamisiri ba kera bari baramaze kumenya imbaraga z’amazi y’umugezi wa Nili, bakubaka imirima yuhirwa, ibiraro, amazu n’inzu z’amabuye z’ikirenga — za pyramids. Bari bafite ubuvuzi, ibarurishamibare, ndetse n’imiyoborere ishingiye ku bumenyi.

    Mu gihe ibindi bihugu by’isi byari bikiri mu buzima bw’ubuhinzi bw’ibanze, Afurika yari yamaze kuba ikicaro cy’ubumenyi, ubuhanga n’ubukungu.

    Bad Archeology: Great Zimbabwe | PAMUSOROI!

    Mu majyepfo y’Afurika, hagati y’ikinyejana cya 11 n’icya 15, Ubwami bwa Great Zimbabwe bwabaye igitangaza. Bwubatse inzu n’ibirindiro bikomeye by’amabuye bitarimo sima, ariko bikaba bigihagaze n’ubu. Uwo mujyi wari icyicaro cy’ubutegetsi n’ubucuruzi bwifashishaga inyanja y’Ubuhinde mu gucuruza n’Abahinde n’Abarabu.

    Afurika y’icyo gihe yari ifite uburyo bwayo bwo kwishakamo ibisubizo, bukagaragaza ubwenge, ubwubahane n’iterambere ritagendeye ku mahanga.

    Exploring Great Zimbabwe's mystical ruins - Tracks4Africa Blog

    Ibihe byiza by’Afurika byatangiye guhinduka mu kinyejana cya 15, ubwo Abanyaburayi batangiye kugera ku nkombe zayo. Ubucuruzi bw’abacakara n’ubukoloni byasubije umugabane inyuma. Imirimo, umutungo, n’abantu ubwabo byatangiye kujyanwa hanze. Ubumenyi n’ubuyobozi bwaho byaracitse, hasigara ubukene n’imitekerereze yo gukorera abandi.

    Icyo gihe, aho Afurika yigeze kuba isoko y’ubukire, yahindutse isoko y’abacakara n’amabuye y’agaciro. Abandi bagiye bigira, mu gihe Abanyafurika basigaye bibeshya ko iterambere ryavuye ahandi.

    Uyu munsi, Afurika iri kongera kubyuka. Ikoranabuhanga, ubucuruzi, n’ubumenyi biragaruka mu biganza by’Abanyafurika. Ariko kugira ngo uyu mugabane wongere kugaruka aho wari uri, bisaba kwiyumvamo icyizere no kumenya amateka yawo.

    Iyo umusore cyangwa inkumi bamenye ko hari igihe abakurambere babo bari bakize kurusha Isi yose, bituma bumva ko nabo bashobora kubigeraho. Afurika ifite imbaraga, ifite umutungo, kandi ifite abantu bafite ubwenge. Icyo ikeneye gusa ni ukwiyumvamo ko ibyo byose bishoboka.

  • Menya ukuri ku byo ubona kuri internet: Uko wasobanukirwa niba amafoto cyangwa amashusho ari impimbano “AI”

    Menya ukuri ku byo ubona kuri internet: Uko wasobanukirwa niba amafoto cyangwa amashusho ari impimbano “AI”

    Mu minsi ya vuba, isi yose iri kurangwa n’imvururu y’amakuru n’amashusho agenda asakara ku mbuga nkoranyambaga no kuzindi mbuga za internet zitandukanye. Iyo ugiye kuri TikTok, Instagram, cyangwa X (yahoze ari Twitter), uhita ubona amafoto cyangwa amavideo agaragaza ibyamamare, abayobozi, cyangwa abantu bazwi, bigaragara nk’aho ari ukuri. Ariko se, ni byose tubona biba bifite ishingiro?

    Ubu ikoranabuhanga rya Artificial Intelligence (AI) ryageze ku rwego rwo hejuru ku buryo umuntu ashobora gukora ishusho cyangwa video isa neza n’iy’umuntu runaka, bigatuma benshi bibeshya ko ari ukuri. Ni muri urwo rwego hakenewe ubukangurambaga bwo kwigisha abantu kumenya gutandukanya ukuri n’ikinyoma mu byo babona kuri internet.

    Donald Trump has shared an AI-generated video of himself as a king flying a plane and dropping brown liquid on protesters, mocking those involved in the 'No Kings' demonstrations.

    1. Kumenya “Deepfake”: Ikoranabuhanga rishobora guhindura ukuri

    Ijambo deepfake rikomoka ku magambo abiri: deep learning (ubwenge bwimbitse bwa mudasobwa) na fake (ibihimbano). Ni uburyo AI ikoresha mu guhindura isura, ijwi cyangwa imyitwarire y’umuntu, ku buryo bigaragara nk’aho ari ukuri.

    Urugero, ushobora kubona video igaragaza umuyobozi runaka avuga amagambo atigeze atangaza, cyangwa umuhanzi uzwi agaragara mu mashusho y’urukozasoni kandi nyamara atari we. Ibyo byose bikorwa n’ikoranabuhanga ryitwa Deepfake Technology.

    Nubwo rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa mu bikorwa byiza nka sinema, ubuhanzi cyangwa kwamamaza, ryifashishwa cyane n’abashaka gukwirakwiza ibinyoma cyangwa guharabika abandi.

    2. Intwaro ya mbere: Gusuzuma isoko y’amakuru

    Mbere yo kwemera inkuru cyangwa amashusho wabonye kuri internet, ni ingenzi gushakisha inkomoko yayo (source).

    • Reba niba yavuye ku kinyamakuru kizwi, cyangwa konti yemewe (verified account).

    • Niba ari ifoto, ushobora gukoresha uburyo bwa “Reverse Image Search” kuri Google: ugashyiramo ifoto, ikagufasha kumenya aho yaturutse bwa mbere.

    • Iyo usanze ifoto cyangwa video yari imaze igihe ku zindi mbuga ariko ugasanga bidafitanye isano, uba ubonye ikimenyetso cy’uko byahinduwe.

    Urugero, ifoto ishobora kuba yarafashwe mu gihugu kimwe imyaka ibiri ishize, ariko igashyirwa kuri internet ivugwaho nk’iyafashwe ejo hashize ahandi. Icyo gihe uba ubashije kumenya ko hari uburiganya.

    May be an image of text

    3. Reba ibisobanuro biherekeza ifoto cyangwa video

    Abantu benshi bareba amashusho cyangwa amafoto gusa ntibite ku bisobanuro biherekeje ibyo bareba. Nyamara hari aho amakuru y’inyongera (metadata) cyangwa ibisobanuro byanditse ku ruhande bishobora kugufasha gutahura ukuri.

    • Niba byanditse nabi, bikabura amakuru y’igihe, ahantu, cyangwa uwo bireba, ushobora gutekereza ko ari ibihimbano.

    • Hari kandi amafoto agaragaramo ibimenyetso bidasanzwe nk’imitwe y’abantu idahuye, amaso areba ahandi, cyangwa ibimera bitagaragara mu buryo busanzwe — ibyo byose bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cya AI.

    4. Kumenya uburyo AI ikora amafoto n’amavideo

    AI ikora amafoto y’impimbano (AI-generated images) ikoresheje porogaramu nka Midjourney, DALL·E, cyangwa Stable Diffusion. Ayo mafoto akenshi agaragarira mu buryo bwiza cyane, ariko hari ibimenyetso bihari:

    • Amaguru cyangwa amaboko agaragara mu buryo budasanzwe.

    • Ibisate by’amaso cyangwa amenyo bitajyanye n’umubiri.

    • Imiterere y’urumuri cyangwa ibara ridasanzwe ku isura.

    Naho deepfake videos zo zishobora kugaragaza umuntu uvuga cyangwa yitwara mu buryo budahuje n’ibisanzwe, ariko niba witegereje neza, usanga ijwi risa nk’iryacitse cyangwa isura idahura neza n’amagambo avugwa.

    5. Irinde gusangiza mbere yo gusuzuma

    Ikosa rikomeye abantu benshi bakora ni ugutanguranwa gusangiza ibyo babonye batabanje kubisesengura. Iyo usangije inkuru y’ibinyoma, uba uri gufasha mu gukwirakwiza amakuru y’impuha, bityo bigateza urujijo.
    Ni ngombwa kwigira umusomyi w’inyaryenge, ukabanza gutekereza uti: “Ni nde ubivuga? Hari ibimenyetso bifatika?”

    6. Uruhare rwa buri wese mu kurwanya ibinyoma bya internet

    Isi yacu iri kwinjira mu bihe bishya by’ikoranabuhanga, aho ukuri n’ibinyoma bishobora kwivanga mu buryo butoroshye kubitandukanya. Ariko icyizere gihari: umuntu wese ashobora kuba umurinzi w’ukuri, akamenya kureba, gusuzuma no gutanga amakuru yizewe.

    Abashinzwe itangazamakuru, abarimu, ndetse n’ababyeyi bagomba gufasha urubyiruko gusobanukirwa ibimenyetso by’ibihimbano, kuko aribo ejo bazaba abahanga mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga.

     

    Internet ni kimwe mu bintu byahinduye isi mu buryo bukomeye, ariko nanone ni nk’ishyamba rimeze neza rihishemo inyamaswa. Bityo, ukuri ntikujya kuba kure y’ufite ubushishozi.
    Mbere yo kwemera cyangwa gusangiza ibyo ubona, jya ubanza wibaze, usuzume kandi ugenzure isoko y’amakuru — kuko muri iyi si y’ikoranabuhanga, uwemera byose ni we ubasha kumenya ukuri.

     

  • Kwiga ntibihagije: Impamvu Abasoje Kaminuza bagomba gutekereza ku kwihangira umurimo aho gutegereza akazi

    Kwiga ntibihagije: Impamvu Abasoje Kaminuza bagomba gutekereza ku kwihangira umurimo aho gutegereza akazi

    Buri mwaka mu Rwanda, ibihumbi by’abanyeshuri barangiza amasomo yabo muri kaminuza zitandukanye. Abenshi baba bafite ibyiringiro byinshi, batekereza ko impamyabumenyi bafite izahita ibaha inzira yoroshye ibageza ku kazi keza kabafasha kubaho neza. Ariko nk’uko ibintu byifashe muri iki gihe, iyo ntego ntabwo ikiri iyoroshye kugeraho.

    Mu myaka ishize, ikibazo cy’ubushomeri cyagiye gifata intera ndende mu rubyiruko, by’umwihariko mu barangije amashuri makuru na kaminuza. Abenshi basigaye bumva ko kuba barasoje ari ikimenyetso cy’uko bagomba guhabwa akazi — nyamara isoko ry’umurimo ntirikiri nk’irya kera.

    Mu gihe cyashize, kubona akazi byarashobokaga cyane ku barangije kaminuza kuko abize bari bake. Ariko ubu ibintu byarahindutse: buri mwaka, hiyongera abarenga ibihumbi bava mu mashuri, nyamara amahirwe y’akazi ntazamuke ku kigero kimwe.
    Ibigo byinshi byigenga n’ibya Leta ntibikibasha kwakira umubare munini w’abashaka akazi, ndetse n’akazi kaboneka gakeneye ubumenyi bwagutse, ubunararibonye, cyangwa ubuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga n’udushya.

    Abarenga 1400 basoje amasomo yabo muri Kaminuza ya Kigali (Amafoto) | IGIHE

    Kwihangira umurimo ni inzira nshya yo kubaka ejo hazaza

    Mu gihe benshi bategereje ko bazahamagara ngo babone akazi, abandi bake bagenda bahindura uburyo bwo gutekereza: batangira gutekereza uko bakwihangira umurimo.


    Kwihangira umurimo si ikintu cy’abifite cyangwa abafite ibitekerezo bihambaye — ni intangiriro y’ubuzima bushya, aho umuntu afata icyo azi, akagihindura igisubizo ku kibazo rusange.

    Ubu mu Rwanda hari urugero rugaragara rw’urubyiruko rwatangije imishinga iciriritse ariko ifite icyerekezo: bamwe batangiye ubucuruzi cyangwa resitora ntoya, abandi bafunguye ibigo bito by’ikoranabuhanga, abandi bagera ku iterambere binyuze mu gukora udushya mu buhinzi, mu ikoranabuhanga, ndetse no mu itangazamakuru.

    Rwanda: Muhoza umushinga we warushije indi 800 yo muri Commonwealth - BBC News Gahuza
    Muhoza wahanze umushinga wo gukora amatafari mu bintu bitandukanye harimo na ‘plastic’

    Kuri iki gihe, ikoranabuhanga ryahinduye uko isi ikora. Umuntu ushobora gukoresha telefoni cyangwa mudasobwa neza, akamenya uburyo bwo kugera ku masoko yo ku isi, ashobora gutangira umushinga atiriwe ategereza akazi.
    Urugero, hari abanyarwanda benshi batangiye gukora imishinga y’ubucuruzi kuri interineti, abandi bagatanga serivisi z’itangazamakuru, ubujyanama, cyangwa gukora porogaramu za mudasobwa.

    Kwihangira umurimo bitangira mu mutwe. Ni uguhindura uburyo dutekereza, tukava mu bitekerezo byo gutegereza ko undi azatwubakira ubuzima, ahubwo tukamenya ko buri wese afite icyo ashobora gutangiraho.
    Niba wize ubucungamari, ushobora gutangira kugenera inama z’imari abacuruzi bato; niba wize ubumenyi bwa mudasobwa, ushobora gufasha ibigo byoroheje gukora website; niba wize itangazamakuru, ushobora gutangira ikiganiro cyawe kuri YouTube cyangwa podcast.

    Urujijo mu makimbirane amaze iminsi hagati ya Dorcas na Vestine na manager Murindahabi - Kigali Today
    Mulindahabi Irene wungukiye mu mushinga wo gukora ibiganiro kuri YouTube ndetse no gukora ubujyanama mu muziki

    Kwiga ni ingenzi, ariko kwiga ntibihagije. Ubumenyi tubona muri kaminuza bugomba kuba intangiriro, si iherezo.
    Kugira impamyabumenyi ni byiza, ariko kugira igitekerezo no kukigororoka kikavamo umushinga ni byo bizana impinduka nyayo.

    Mu gihe isi ihinduka buri munsi, akazi k’ukuri kari mu biganza byacu. Uko turushaho gutekereza twisanzuye, niko tugenda twubaka igihugu gishingiye ku mbaraga z’urubyiruko rwihangiye umurimo.

  • Kuki nta muntu n’umwe uzi neza amafaranga umuryango wa Trump winjiza muri iki gihe?

    Kuki nta muntu n’umwe uzi neza amafaranga umuryango wa Trump winjiza muri iki gihe?

    Mu gihe Donald Trump akomeje kwigaragaza nk’umwe mu bantu bafite ubutunzi bukomeye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikibazo gikomeye gikomeje kugarukwaho ni kimwe: ni nde uzi neza amafaranga uyu mugabo n’umuryango we barimo kunjiza muri iki gihe?

    Ubusanzwe, abakire bakomeye ku isi baba bafite uburyo bamenyekanisha umutungo wabo — yaba ari ku isoko ry’imari, muri raporo za leta cyangwa se mu bitangazamakuru. Ariko ku muryango wa Trump, ibintu biratandukanye cyane. Imibare ihindagurika, ibitangazamakuru by’imari bitanga amakuru atandukanye, naho bamwe mu bashakashatsi bavuga ko hari byinshi bihishe inyuma y’inyandiko zigaragara.

    Parents Were Immigrants, 5 Children: A Look At Donald Trump's Family Tree

    Donald Trump yamenyekanye cyane mu bikorwa byo kubaka inyubako z’ubucuruzi n’amahoteli kuva mu myaka ya 1980. Ubutunzi bwe bwashingiraga ku mishinga y’ubutaka (real estate) n’amahoteli afite izina “Trump”, birimo nka Trump Tower i New York, ibibuga bya golf, ndetse n’amaresitora menshi afite icyo kimenyetso.

    Gusa uko imyaka yagiye ihita, izina “Trump” ryahindutse ubwoko bw’ubucuruzi bwaryo. Yatangiye gukoresha izina rye nk’ikirango cy’ubucuruzi ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye: imyambaro, amavuta, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, n’ibindi. Ibi byagize uruhare runini mu gutuma abantu benshi bibaza niba ubutunzi bwa Trump bushingiye ku bikorwa bifatika cyangwa ku kugaragara k’izina rye gusa.

    Iyo usesenguye, usanga ari nk’uburyo bw’ubucuruzi bushingiye ku cyo twikita “brand value” – aho izina ry’umuntu ryonyine rishobora kugira agaciro karenze ibikorwa bifatika.

    Pentagon Interested in Leasing Space at Trump Tower: Spokesman

    Imibare itandukanye ku butunzi bwa Trump

    Ibinyamakuru by’imari nka Forbes na Bloomberg bisanzwe bikora urutonde rw’abakire ku isi, ariko iyo bigeze kuri Trump, nta mwanzuro umwe bigeze bagiraho.

    • Forbes yigeze gutangaza ko mu mwaka wa 2024, agaciro k’umutungo wa Trump kari hafi ya miliyari 2.6 z’amadolari.

    • Ariko abandi bashakashatsi bemeza ko ashobora kuba afite agaciro karenga miliyari 5 cyangwa 6, bitewe n’uko hari imishinga itagaragara neza mu nyandiko za leta.

    Ibi byose byerekana uburyo kubona imibare nyayo y’ubutunzi bwa Trump bisa n’ibidashoboka, kuko ibikorwa bye byinshi byibumbiye mu bigo by’umuryango (Trump Organization), kandi nta raporo rusange ihoraho ishyirwaho hanze nk’uko bigenda ku bigo biri ku isoko ry’imari.

    Which Trump Will Take the Fall for Years of Tax Fraud? | Vanity Fair

    Uburyo bwo guhisha imari n’amasezerano adasobanutse

    Abasesenguzi bavuga ko imwe mu mpamvu zituma amafaranga y’umuryango wa Trump adasobanuka ari uburyo bakoresha amasezerano yihariye. Hari amasezerano y’ubukode, ubufatanye (partnerships) n’ubucuruzi bwo kwambika izina “Trump” ku bikorwa bya ba nyiri imitungo bandi.

    Ibyo byose bituma bitoroha kumenya amafaranga yinjizwa koko n’aba Trump, kuko rimwe na rimwe amafaranga yinjizwa atari ayabo bwite, ahubwo ari ayo guhabwa uburenganzira bwo gukoresha izina “Trump.”

    Uretse ibyo, hari n’imishinga ya cryptocurrency ifitanye isano n’uyu muryango, ikomeje kuzamura agaciro mu buryo budasanzwe. Ubushakashatsi bwa Accountable.US bwerekanye ko ibikorwa bya Trump bijyanye na crypto bishobora kugira agaciro karenga miliyari 3.3 USD, bikaba bigize hafi 70% by’umutungo wose bivugwa bafite muri iki gihe.

    Ariko ibyo byose ntibishingira ku nyandiko zemewe n’inzego z’imari za Leta, bigatuma biba nk’amakuru y’imibare y’imbere mu muryango gusa.

    Trump inauguration: What you cannot take to the ceremony – Boston 25 News

    Kuva Trump yabera Perezida wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hagati ya 2017 na 2021, ibintu byarushijeho kwivanga hagati y’ubucuruzi n’ubutegetsi. Abasesenguzi bavuga ko ubwo yinjiraga muri politiki, yagize amahirwe yo gukomeza gukoresha izina rye mu buryo bw’ubucuruzi, ndetse bikaba byaramuhesheje inyungu ziremereye.

    Hari n’amakuru avuga ko ibikorwa bye by’ubucuruzi byakomeje gukura ubwo yari mu biro bya White House, birimo amahoteli n’ibibuga bya golf byakomeje kwakira abantu benshi bashishikajwe no “kugera aho Perezida ubwe akorera.”

    Nyuma yo kuva ku butegetsi, yagarutse mu bucuruzi no mu bikorwa bya crypto — ibintu byongera kwibaza niba amafaranga ari kujya mu bikorwa bifatika cyangwa mu bikorwa bigamije kugaragaza gusa ko akiri umukire ukomeye.

    The crypto industry plowed tens of millions into the election. Now, it's looking for a return on that investment | CNN Politics

    Uretse ibyo, umuryango wa Trump ukomeje kugarukwaho mu manza zitandukanye, zirimo izirebana no kubeshya ku gaciro k’ibikorwa n’imikorere y’imari. Urubanza rwo muri leta ya New York ruvuga ko hari uburyo bakoresheje mu gutangaza agaciro k’ibikorwa mu buryo butari bwo, bigamije kubona inguzanyo cyangwa kugabanya imisoro.

    Ibi bituma biba bitoroshye kumenya amafaranga barimo gukorera muri iki gihe, kuko usanga hari ibikorwa biri mu manza, abandi bashoramari batabifitemo icyizere, ndetse n’imitungo ishobora kuba ifite agaciro ku mpapuro gusa ariko idashobora kugurishwa vuba.

     

    Kumenya amafaranga y’umuntu nk’uyu si ikibazo cy’ubw curiosity gusa. Trump ni umwe mu bantu bafite ijwi rikomeye mu bukungu n’ubutegetsi bwa Amerika, kandi agifite gahunda yo kongera kwiyamamaza. Kuba imari ye itagaragara neza bishobora kugira ingaruka ku cyizere cy’abatora, ku isoko ry’imari ndetse no ku buryo amahanga abona ubucuruzi bwa Amerika.

    Donald Trump beats Kamala Harris to win Arizona, final state to be called in US presidential election - ABC News

    Abasesenguzi bavuga ko ibi bintu bitwereka ikibazo gikomeye ku isi yose: uburyo bamwe mu bakire n’abayobozi bakuru bakomeza guhisha uburyo amafaranga yabo akorwa, akoreshejwe cyangwa ashorwa.

    Mu gihe isi ikomeje gusaba ko habaho gucyemura ikibazo cy’ubusumbane mu bukungu, kuba hatari umucyo ku bantu bafite imari nyinshi nk’aba Trump bigaragaza ko urugendo rukiri rurerure.

  • Wari uziko iyo uha umwana wawe telephone uba umuha uburozi bwo ku bwonko? – Ubusesenguzi ku ngaruka z’ikoranabuhanga ku bana bato

    Wari uziko iyo uha umwana wawe telephone uba umuha uburozi bwo ku bwonko? – Ubusesenguzi ku ngaruka z’ikoranabuhanga ku bana bato

    Mu isi y’iki gihe, aho ikoranabuhanga ryamaze gufata buri ruhande rw’ubuzima, kubona umwana muto afite telefoni cyangwa tablet ntibikiri ikintu gitangaje. Ababyeyi benshi babona guha umwana telefoni nk’uburyo bwo kumuhumuriza, kumushimisha, cyangwa kumwigisha hakoreshejwe ama-apps y’abana. Ariko se, wari uziko iyo telefoni ushobora kuba uyifata nk’igikinisho, ku bwonko bw’umwana iba ari uburozi butuje?

    Uko byatangiye: telefoni nk’igikinisho cy’abana

    Muri sosiyete nyinshi, harimo n’u Rwanda, umwana utagira telefoni cyangwa tablet asa n’aho yasigaye inyuma. Ababyeyi benshi bakoresha uburyo bwo kuvuga bati “reka nyimuhe arebe cartoons, bimuruhure.” Ariko ubushakashatsi bw’inzobere mu by’imitekerereze (psychology) n’ubuzima bw’ubwonko (neuroscience) bwerekana ko gukoresha telefoni cyane mu bana bato bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y’ubwonko bwabo, cyane cyane mu myaka itandatu ya mbere y’ubuzima.

    Ubwonko bw’umwana muri iyo myaka buba bukura cyane, bushaka ibidukikije bifatika—nk’imikino isanzwe, kuganira n’abantu, kwiga mu buryo bw’amarangamutima n’amaso. Iyo ibyo bisimbujwe n’ikirahuri cya telefoni, ubwonko butangira kwiga ibintu mu buryo butari karemano. Ibi bituma ubushobozi bwo kwibanda, kwihangana, no gutekereza ku gitekerezo kimwe bimera nk’ibicika.

    Uburozi butagaragara: dopamine n’ubwonko bushukwa

    Iyo umwana arebye videwo zihinduka buri segonda, amajwi arimo impinduka n’amabara menshi, ubwonko bwe bukora ibintu bitameze nk’ibisanzwe. Burareka gutekereza cyane, bukajya bushingira ku dopamine — intungamubiri yo mu bwonko ifitanye isano no kuryoherwa n’ibintu. Iyo umwana akomeje kubona ibyo bis刺激 (stimulation) kenshi, ubwonko bwe busigara bushaka ibyishimo bihoraho, bityo bikagora umwana kwihangana, gusoma igitabo, cyangwa gukora ikintu gisaba gutekereza igihe kirekire.

    Ni yo mpamvu usanga abana bamwe batabasha kumara iminota 10 bicaye nta kintu gikora, cyangwa bakarakara cyane iyo ubakuye kuri telefoni. Si uko ari “abashotorana”, ahubwo ni uko ubwonko bwabo bwaratojwe gusaba isukari y’ibyishimo itangwa n’iyo machine yitwa smartphone.

    Ababyeyi nabo barimo kuyoba

    Ikibazo cy’uburozi bw’ikoranabuhanga ntikiri ku bana gusa — ahubwo gitangira ku babyeyi ubwabo. Iyo umubyeyi ari mu kazi, cyangwa ari mu rugo afite ibyo arimo, guha umwana telefoni bigaragara nk’uburyo bworoshye bwo kumucisha amahoro. Nyamara ako kanya umwana atangira gusarurwa n’isi ya digital itamugenewe. Umubyeyi uba yoroheje, ariko umwana we aba yinjiye mu cyobo cy’imitekerereze cy’igihe kirekire.

    Ikindi gikomeye ni uko abana biga cyane babinyujije mu kureba no kwigana ababyeyi babo. Iyo umubyeyi akoresha telefoni buri gihe, umwana we nawe abifata nk’ikintu gisanzwe kandi cy’ingenzi mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Ni ho ikibazo gikura, kikazageza aho telefoni iba kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi kurusha imikino, inshuti, cyangwa ibitabo.

    Uburyo bwo kubirwanya: si uguca telefoni burundu, ni ukuyicunga

    Si ngombwa guhita uca telefoni burundu mu buzima bw’umwana. Ahubwo, inzobere mu burezi n’imitekerereze zemeza ko igikenewe ari ugushyiraho umurongo n’imipaka.

    1. Abana bari munsi y’imyaka 2 ntibakwiye gukoresha telefoni na gato, keretse mu bihe byihariye nk’igihe bari kureba video z’amasomo bari kumwe n’ababyeyi.

    2. Abafite hagati y’imyaka 3 na 6 bashobora kuyikoresha iminota itarenga 30 ku munsi, ariko bakayikoresha mu buryo bufite inyigisho.

    3. Abakuze kurushaho bagomba kwigishwa uburyo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo buboneye: kwiga, gushakisha amakuru, no kumenya igihe cyo guhagarika.

    Uburyo bwiza bwo kwigisha abana gukoresha ikoranabuhanga si ukubabuza — ni ukubigisha uburyo bwo kubaho batabaye imbata yaryo.

    Umwanzuro: telefoni si ikibazo, ni uko tuyikoresha

    Ntitwavuga ko telefoni ari mbi mu buryo busesuye. Yafashije abantu kuganira, kwiga, no kubona amakuru menshi atigeze aboneka mbere. Ariko ku bana bato, uburyo bwo gukura bwabo busaba ibidukikije bifatika, imikino y’abana, n’ibiganiro n’abantu. Iyo ibyo bisimbujwe na ecran, ubwonko buba burimo kwangirika mu ibanga.

    Nuko rero, mbere yo guha umwana wawe telefoni, ujye wibaze iki kibazo cyoroshye: “Ese ndashaka kumworoheza, cyangwa ndimo kumuha uburozi butuje bwo ku bwonko?”

  • Uko wabona umuntu ugukorera website nziza, kandi mukabana neza nk’abafatanyabikorwa

    Uko wabona umuntu ugukorera website nziza, kandi mukabana neza nk’abafatanyabikorwa

    Mu bihe bya none, kugira website si ibintu by’abakire cyangwa ibigo binini gusa — ni imwe mu nkingi z’ingenzi zigaragaza isura yawe cyangwa iy’ikigo cyawe kuri interineti. Ariko kugira ngo ubone website ikozwe neza, si ukubona umuntu ufite mudasobwa gusa. Bisaba gutoranya neza umuntu mukorana, kumenya ibyo mugomba gukorerana neza, n’ibyo buri wese agomba kuzuza kugira ngo mukorane neza kandi birambye.

    1. Menya neza icyo ushaka gukora kuri website

    Ntibitangira mu gukora, bitangirira mu kumva intego.
    Ni gute website yawe izakoreshwa? Ni iy’ubucuruzi, iy’amakuru, iy’ubugeni cyangwa iy’amasezerano?
    Umuntu ushaka website agomba kuba afite igitekerezo gisobanutse:

    • Ibyo izerekana,

    • Abayigana n’icyo bazayisangaho,

    • N’ibyo yifuza ko bikorwa ku rwego rw’imikorere (functionality).

    Iyo utabivuze neza, uwo ukorana ashobora gukora ibintu byiza ariko bitujuje ibyo wifuzaga.

    2. Guhitamo umuntu ufite ubumenyi n’ubunyangamugayo

    Umukozi wa website si umuntu ukora design gusa; ni umuntu uhuza ubugeni, ikoranabuhanga n’ubucuruzi.
    Mbere yo kumuhitamo, reba:

    • Ese afite ibyo yigeze gukora (portfolio)?

    • Ese yumva ibyo ushaka?

    • Ese avuga ukuri ku byo ashoboye n’ibyo adashoboye?

    • Ese agufasha kumva uko ibintu bikorwa cyangwa avuga ibintu mu buryo bukakwereka ko ari ibanga?

    Umuntu mwiza azakubwira n’ibyo udakwiye gukora, si ugushaka kukwishyuzaho gusa.

    3. Kumenyana no kumvikana ku buryo bwo gukorana

    Imikoranire myiza hagati yawe n’ukora website ishingira ku kumvikana ku bitekerezo, igihe n’amasezerano.
    Mbere yo gutangira, mugomba kumvikana kuri:

    • Igihe bizamara,

    • Igiciro,

    • Ibyo bizakubiyemo (nk’amasura, system yo kwishyura, hosting, domain, SEO, n’ibindi),

    • Uburenganzira bwa nyuma ku website (ownership).

    Iyo ibi bitavuzwe neza, usanga nyuma hari impaka: “website ni iyanjye cyangwa ni iyawe?”
    Ni byiza ko byose biboneka mu masezerano yanditse, haba n’uburyo bwo guhererekanya amakuru mu mucyo.

    4. Icyo umugomba n’icyo agukomba

    Umukora website agomba kuguha ubunyamwuga, ubunyangamugayo n’igihe.
    Agomba kukwubaha nk’umukiriya, agatanga amakuru ku gihe, agasobanura ibyo ari gukora kandi akakwereka aho bigeze.
    Ariko nawe nk’umukiriya, ugomba kumuha amakuru yose akenewe, kumushyigikira, no kubahiriza ibyo mwemeranyije.
    Umukozi atagenewe gukora ibitangaza atahawe ibyo akenera — ibirimo amafoto, ibisobanuro, cyangwa ibirimo bijya ku rubuga.

    5. Kumenya ko website atari ibintu bimara umunsi umwe

    Website ni nka umwana uvuka — ugomba gukurikirana imikurire ye.
    Nyuma yo kuzura, hagomba kubaho:

    • Updates,

    • Uburyo bwo kuyitaho (maintenance),

    • Kumenya uko ihagaze ku isoko (analytics),

    • No gukomeza kuyiteza imbere.

    Ibi byose bisaba gukorana neza na developer wawe, mu buryo burambye, aho mugirana ubufatanye aho kuba ubucuruzi gusa.

    Umwanzuro

    Umuntu mwiza ugukorera website si uwihuta ngo akwereke imirongo ya code, ahubwo ni ufasha inzozi zawe kugira isura kuri interineti.
    Kugira ngo imikoranire yanyu irambye, bisaba ubufatanye n’ukuri: wowe uzi icyo ushaka, we azi uko bigerwaho. Iyo ibyo bihujwe neza, website iba ubucyo bw’ikigo cyangwa igitekerezo cyawe, kandi ikaba intangiriro y’urugendo rushya rwo kwigaragaza mu isi y’ikoranabuhanga.